Towards Resilient Rammed Earth Structures in Hot-Arid Regions

Abstract

Background: Concrete mixtures are responsible for a substantial share of greenhouse gas emissions, atmospheric pollutants, and global warming. The transition to sustainable practices using natural resources and indigenous materials is emphasized by the United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 11, 12, and 13) underscore the relevance of such activities by setting targets related to building resilient cities, fostering sustainable consumption/production practices, and moving towards climate-resilient development to achieve net-zero emissions.

Objective: This study investigates the viability of using rammed earth as a substitute for reinforced concrete mixtures, with the aim of offering durable and cost-effective alternatives suited for hot-arid climates.

Method: The research adopted three methods. First, laboratory tests were performed to ascertain the most effective composition of rammed earth mixture while minimizing maintenance expenses and reducing cost. Second, an experimental rammed earth building was designed and constructed at a university campus in Jordan. Third, assessment of indoor environmental qualities was performed across several seasons.

Result: In hot-arid climates, it is recommended to incorporate a soil mixture consisting of 20% ordinary Portland cement, 15% quicklime, and 15% of acrylic-based additive. This mixture, when combined with the optimal water content of 42%, has been found to significantly enhance the compressive strength. On-site measurements confirmed that the thermal comfort conditions and carbon emissions were found to be satisfactory and met the requirements outlined by ASHRAE-55 using 40 cm walls. This technique demonstrates a 20% reduction in construction costs when compared to the prevalent stone-based building method.

Conclusion: The research findings presented in this study offer valuable insights into the potential utilization of rammed earth as a sustainable construction material in hot-arid urban environments. Rammed earth demonstrates promise as an eco-friendly alternative that can effectively minimize the environmental impact of buildings, thereby addressing concerns related to global warming and climate change.

Keywords: SDGs, Resilient Buildings, Local Materials, Rammed Earth, Indoor Environmental Qualities.