Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR) Neurofeedback Training on Anxiety: A Case Study on Archers

Abstract

While According to some studies, the putative calming effect of EEG neurofeedback training could be useful as a therapeutic tool for anxiety. To investigate this possibility, we conducted a study to test the efficacy of eight neurofeedback training (NFB) sessions in improving anxiety symptoms and sports mental toughness in two archery athletes. The aim of the NFB training was to enhance the Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR) wave (12 to 15 Hz), while simultaneously inhibiting theta wave (4-8 Hz) and high beta wave (22-36 Hz) at C4 over the right motor area. The reference electrode was placed on A2, and the ground electrode was placed on A1. Our study focused on two archers, Participant F and Participant V, with the goal of reducing anxiety symptoms and improving sports mental toughness. We employed a pre-post design, with the following dependent variables: (i) psychometric measures of anxiety, including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Sport Anxiety Scale-2, and General Anxiety Disorder-7; and (ii) Sport Performance and Sports Mental Toughness. After completing the eight neurofeedback training sessions, both participants exhibited noticeable improvements in sports mental toughness, including enhanced confidence, constancy, and control. Additionally, symptoms related to sports anxiety, such as somatic manifestations, worry, and disruptions in confidence, as well as state-trait anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, showed significant reductions. These findings support the effectiveness of neurofeedback training in reducing anxiety symptoms and improving sports mental toughness. However, it is essential to note that this study was a case study, and the results cannot be generalized. While the study offers valuable insights into the potential benefits of neurofeedback training for anxiety management and sports performance, further research with larger and more diverse samples is necessary to establish the broader applicability of these findings.