From Ancient to Modern Times: A Systematic Review of Emerging Infectious Diseases and their Relevance to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

Infectious diseases have consistently shaped human history, as evidenced by the parallels between the COVID-19 pandemic and previous outbreaks. This study aimed to identify recurring themes in the emergence and management of infectious diseases, with a focus on enhancing future preparedness and response efforts. Through an extensive systematic review of the literature, the research examined factors such as the zoonotic origins of pathogens, the complex interactions between humans and animals, the role of high population densities and urbanization, the critical importance of hygiene and public sanitation, the impact of political leadership and healthcare policies, and the effects of societal beliefs, behaviors, and perceptions on disease spread and control. The investigation revealed patterns that persist from ancient times to modern-day pandemics. One of the key findings highlighted by numerous studies is the need for comprehensive environmental measures to mitigate the risk of zoonotic diseases and manage human-animal contact. Addressing these issues is crucial for establishing robust management systems capable of minimizing the threat of infectious diseases. The study resulted in the creation of a Historical Lens Model that integrates lessons learned from historical pandemics, providing valuable guidance for dealing with current and future public health crises.