Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases Pathways and Therapeutic Avenues

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), influencing diverse cellular pathways and contributing significantly to disease pathophysiology. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on CVDs, exploring the intricate relationships between dysfunctional mitochondria and various cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure, atherosclerosis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The interplay between mitochondrial alterations, including oxidative stress, impaired energy production, disrupted calcium handling, and mitochondrial DNA mutations, and their implications in the context of cardiovascular health is comprehensively analyzed. Moreover, the review delves into potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial pathways, encompassing mitochondrial antioxidants, modulators of mitochondrial dynamics, agents stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis, and emerging mitophagy inducers. The challenges, future directions, and translational implications of understanding mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases are also discussed, highlighting the need for personalized therapeutic approaches and innovative interventions.