The French Policy Of Exile Against The Elite Of The City Of Algeriers “Mustafa Ben Mohamed Al-Kababti As A Model”
Main Article Content
Abstract
The French colonisation has implemented penal exile in Algeria since the time of Governor General “Clauzel”, moving to “De Rovigo” and until “Bugeaud”. Among the first to be exiled outside the country were a group of the elites of the city of Algiers who entrenched themselves in the ranks of the opposition and the political, religious and intellectual resistance against the presence and policies of the French occupier. This study is considered one of the topics that have not been dealt with extensively by the researchers so it was the motive behind its selection in detail. The study aims at shedding light on the Maliki Mufti Mustafa ben Mohamed Al-Kababti (1862-1775). He was one of the most important Algerian elites who has been exiled. He played an important role in opposing and resisting against French colonialism, he was exiled to “Sainte-Marguerite” Island, France, then to Alexandria, Egypt. Thus, exiling Ibn Al-Kababti established the beginning of the French colonialist implementation of penal exile against the Algerians, which was a policy that has continued up until the forties of the twentieth century.
Article Details
References
Ahmed, F.Z. Dictionary of language standards; Dar Al-Fikr: Syria, 1979; Part 5, p. 456.
Abu Al-Qasim, M.Z. The basis of rhetoric, 1st Edition; Scientific Books House: Lebanon, 1998; Part 2, p. 296.
Mohamed, E.B. Sahih Bukhari; Al-Bushra: Pakistan, 2016; Part 4, p. 3241.
Jamal, D.M. Lisan Al Arab; Dar Sader: Lebanon, 1993; Volume 15, pp. 336-337.
Mohamed, A.B.R. Mukhtar Al-Sahah; Lebanon Library: Lebanon, 1986; pp. 197-281.
Ashour, B. Exile in the French colonial era in Algeria, a terminological study and legal presentation. Immigration, mobility, and exile and their effects on the cultural and linguistic levels; Kamal, F.; Annual Meetings Publications Series: Mentouri University Constantine, Algeria, 2010; p. 268.
Abdellatif, H. Monitoring and Punishment in Tunisia, Political Deportation as a Model 1881-1955, 1st Edition; Faculty of Arts and Humanities: Sfax, Tunisia, 2003; p. 31.
Himself; pp. 31-32.
Abdellatif, H. Spotlight on Tunisian exiles in Guyanese. Maghreb Historical Journal, 2006, No. 123, pp. 30-31.
Abdelhamid, B. History of Abdul Hamid Bekk. Notables from the Levant and Morocco, 2nd edition; Abu Al-Qasim, S.; Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami: Beirut, Lebanon, 2005; p. 212.
Abdelmadjid, B.N. Encyclopedia of Flags of Algeria 1830-1954; Publications of the National Center for Studies and Research on the National Movement and the Revolution of November 1, 1954: Algeria, 2007; pp. 490-491.
Fawzia, L. The impact of the Andalusians on the scientific, religious, and literary life in Algiers during the Ottoman era. Al-Mawqif Journal for Research and Studies in Society and History, 2022, Issue 2, pp. 769-770.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. A cultural issue between Algeria and France in 1843. Alam Al-Fikr Magazine, 1985, Issue 1, p. 254.
Nasser, D.S. The problem of dealing with the French administration during the jihad of Emir Abdul Qadir through the letter of Qaddour bin Ruwaila to Mufti Mustafa bin Al-Kababti (1259 AH / 1841 AD). Prince Abdul Qadir is a genius in time and place; Wadan, B; Publications of the Laboratory of Social and Historical Research: Mascara University, Algeria, 2014; p. 29.
Abdelhamid, B. Previous source; pp. 212-213.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. research and opinions on the history of Algeria; World of Knowledge: Algeria, 2015; Part 2, p. 17.
Mohamed, A.T. The Literature of Resistance at Mohamed Al-Saeed Al-Zahri through Al-Barq Newspaper (Technical Statistical Study). Master's thesis, Mentouri Constantine University, Algeria, 2007.
Abdelhamid, B. Previous source; p. 213.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. A cultural issue between Algeria and France in 1843. Ibid.; pp. 255-256.
Mokhtari, ed. The African Committee 1833-1834. Master's thesis, University of Algiers 2, Algeria, 2010; p. 21.
Thomas Robert Bugeaud: Born in 1784. He was sent in 1836 to western Algeria to eliminate revolutions and resistance there, most notably the resistance of Emir Abdelkader, who was forced to sign the Tafna Treaty with him in 1837. He was appointed governor-general of Algeria between the years 1840-1847. He was promoted to the rank of Marshal in 1843. His reign witnessed the fall of the Emir's Fellowship, the Holocaust of Ould Riah, the encouragement of the European settlement movement in Algeria, and the beginning of the end of the Emir's resistance. He died in 1849. See: Faucon, N. Le livre d'or de l'Algérie de 1830 à 1889; Librairie Algérienne Et Coloniale: Paris, Français, 1889; pp. 128-130.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. Research and opinions in the history of Algeria, op. cit. p. 19.
Bertrand Clauzel: Born in 1772. Promoted to the rank of general in 1802. He was sentenced to death in absentia in 1816 because of his opposition to the monarchy, so he fled to the United States of America, then returned to France after the comprehensive amnesty issued in 1820. King Louis Philippe I appointed him For the first time, Governor-General of Algeria in 1830. Then he was removed from office and promoted to the rank of Marshal in 1831. In 1835 he was appointed for the second time Governor-General of Algeria. Then he was removed from the position in 1837. He died in 1842. See: Faucon, N. op.cit; pp. 155-160.
Victor, A.D. Histoire de l'Algérie de 1830-1878; imprimerie de l'association ouvrière: Oran, Algérie, 1880; tome1, pp. 143-145.
Joseph, F.A. Le Bureau De Bienfaisance Musulman. Revue africaine, 1899, Volume 43, p. 189.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. A cultural issue between Algeria and France in 1843. Previous reference; p. 252.
The Great Mosque in Algeria included: 125 houses, 3 bread ovens, 39 shops, 19 gardens, and other properties. look: Tahar, K. Le Habous le domaine public et le trust. Revue internationale de droit comparé, 2005, Volume 57, p. 447.
Jamal, A.; Ibrahim, L. The position of the Algerians regarding the colonial policy towards confiscating endowments. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021, No. 2, p. 586.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. Research and opinions in the history of Algeria, op. cit. p. 21.
Jamal, A.; Ibrahim, L. The previous reference; p. 589.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. A cultural issue between Algeria and France in 1843. Previous reference; p. 258.
Nasser, D.S. The previous reference; p. 30.
Abdelmadjid, B.N. The previous reference; p. 496.
Abdel Hamid, B. Previous source; p. 213.
Himself; p. 213.
Jamal, p.; Ibrahim, L. The previous reference; p. 589.
Abdelmadjid, B.N. The previous reference; p. 496.
Jamal, p.; Ibrahim, L. The previous reference; p. 589.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. A cultural issue between Algeria and France in 1843. Previous reference; p. 259.
Abdelmadjid, B.N. The previous reference; p. 497.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. Research and opinions in the history of Algeria, op. cit. p. 25.
Saleh, H. French Real Estate Policy in Algeria (1830-1930). PhD dissertation, El Hadj Lakhdar University, Batna, Algeria, 2014; p. 47.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. Research and opinions in the history of Algeria, op. cit. p. 26.
Albert, D. Les Édifices Religieux De L'Ancien Alger. Revue africaine, 1866, Volume 59, p 381.
Aisha, H. The French administration and its positions on issues of religion and society after the occupation of Algeria, a study through archival documents. Maarif Magazine, 2015, Issue 19, p. 196.
De Bar. Partie Officielle. Journal Moniteur Algérien, 1843, Volume 17, p 1.
Sainte-Marguerite: A French island located off the coast of Cannes, in the far south of France.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. A cultural issue between Algeria and France in 1843. Previous reference; p. 262.
Aisha, H. The previous reference; pp. 196-197.
Himself; p. 197.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. A cultural issue between Algeria and France in 1843. Previous reference; p. 263.
Nasser, D.S. The previous reference; p. 30.
Abu Al-Qasim, S. argue with the other; World of Knowledge: Algeria, 2015; p. 239.
Abdelhamid, B. Previous source; pp. 214–215.
Himself; p. 216.