"Sustainable Cooking Practices in India: An Analysis of Women's Shift towards Eco-Friendly Fuels"
Main Article Content
Abstract
Women's time savings for fuel collection, preparation, and cooking are less well-known than clean cooking fuel's health and environmental benefits. By cooking in both rural and urban areas, LPG can lessen the disproportionate amount of unpaid labour that falls on women and provide clean energy for everyone (Akter 2021). The International Institute of Population Sciences and ORC Macro's Third, Fourth, and Fifth National Family Health Surveys, conducted in 2005–06, 2015–16, and 2019–20, provide demographic and health survey data from 29 Indian states used in this analysis. We used the female NFHS 3, 4, and 5 data. Take note of the variable "kind of fuel household uses primarily for cooking." There are non-green fuels, biogas, LPG, NPG, and electricity.Our objective is for Indian women to transition from NFHS 3 (2005–06) to NFHS 4 (2015–16) and from NFHS 4 to NFHS 5 using environmentally friendly fuel. The chi-square test and Markov Chains model are applied. Indian women are switching to environmentally friendly fuel, according to Chi-square. Next, we created the matrix of transitional probability. Of the women in NFHS 3 (2005–06) and 4 (2015–16), 54% converted to environmentally friendly fuel. Of all women, 46% still use non-green fuel.However, the percentage of Indian women who switched from non-eco-friendly to eco-friendly gasoline (33%) fell from NFHS 4 to NFHS 5. Additionally, 17% of the females are moving from environmentally friendly to non-eco-friendly fuel. It's the Indian government's PMUY's fault.
Article Details
References
Alem, Y., Beyene, A.D., Köhlin, G., Mekonnen, A. (2016). Modeling household cooking fuel choice: A panel multinomial logit approach. Energy Econ. , 59, 129–137.
Baumgartner, J., Schauer, J.J., Ezzati, M., Lu, L., Cheng, C., Patz, J.A., Bautista,L.E. (2011) Indoor air pollution and blood pressure in adult women living in rural China. Environ. Health Perspect. 119, 1390–1395.
Cesur, R., Tekin, E., Ulker, A. (2018). Can natural gas save lives? Evidence from the deployment of a fuel delivery system in a developing country. J. Health Econ. , 59, 420–427.
Chafe Zo€e, A., Brauer, Michael, Klimont, Zbigniew, Van Dingenen, Rita, Mehta, Sumi,Rao, Shilpa, Riahi, Keywan, Frank, Dentener, Smith Kirk, R., 2014. Household cooking with solid fuels contributes to ambient PM2.5 air pollution and the burden of disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 122, 1314e1320.
Chattopadhyay, M., Arimura, T.H., Katayama, H., Sakudo, M., Yokoo, H.F. (2021). Subjective probabilistic expectations, household air pollution, and health: Evidence from cooking fuel use patterns in West Bengal, India. Resour. Energy Econ. , 66, 101262.
Choudhuri, P., Desai, S. (2020). Gender inequalities and household fuel choice in India. J. Clean. Prod., 265, 121487.
Epstein, M.B.; Bates, M.N., Arora, N.K.; Balakrishnan, K., Jack, D.W., Smith, K.R. (2013) Household fuels, low birth weight, and neonatal death in India: The separate impacts of biomass, kerosene, and coal. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 216, 523–532.
Gould, Carlos F., Urpelainen, Johannes. (2019).The gendered nature of liquefied Petroleum gas stove adoption and use in rural India. J. Dev. Stud. 1e21.
Han, H., Wu, S., Zhang, Z. (2018) Factors underlying rural household energy transition: A case study of China. Energy Policy, 114, 234–244.
Liu, J.; Hou, B., Ma, X.W., Liao, H.( 2018) Solid fuel use for cooking and its health effects on the elderly in rural China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25, 3669–3680.
Liu, Z., Li, J.; Rommel, J., Feng, S.(2020) Health impacts of cooking fuel choice in rural China. Energy Econ. , 89, 104811.
Malakar, Y.; Greig, C.; van de Fliert, E. (2018) Resistance in rejecting solid fuels: Beyond availability and adoption in the structural dominations of cooking practices in rural India. Energy Res. Soc. Sci., 46, 225–235.
Mukhopadhyay, Krishnendu, Venugopal, Vidhya, Thanasekaraan, Vijayalakshmi, (2011). Air pollution from household solid fuel combustion in India: an overview of exposure and health-related information to inform health research priorities. Glob. Health Action 4, 5638.
Muller, Christophe, Yan, Huijie, (2018). Household fuel use in developing countries.
National Family Health Survey -3 (2005-06), IIPS, Mumbai
National Family Health Survey -4 (2015-16), IIPS, Mumbai
Ni, K.; Carter, E., Schauer, J.J., Ezzati, M., Zhang, Y., Niu, H., Lai, A.M., Shan, M., Wang, Y., Yang, X., et al. (2016 ) Seasonal variation in outdoor, indoor, and personal air pollution exposures of women using wood stoves in the Tibetan Plateau: Baseline assessment for an energy intervention study. Environ. Int., 94, 449–457.
Nie, P., Sousa-Poza, A., Xue, J. (2016) Fuel for life: Domestic cooking fuels and women’s health in rural China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13, 810.
Parikh, Jyoti. (2011). Hardships and health impacts on women due to traditional review of theory and evidence. Energy Econ. 70, 429e439.
Sapkota, A., Gajalakshmi, V., Jetly, D.H., Roy Chowdhury, S., Dikshit, R.P., Brennan, P., Hashibe, M., Boffetta, P. (2008) Indoor air pollution from solid fuels and risk of hypo pharyngeal/laryngeal and lung cancers: A multi-centric case-control study from India. Int. J. Epidemiol. 37, 321–328.
Song, D.Y., Li, D.F. (2021) ‘The improvement of rural household fuel structure and residents’ health returns in China-Test based on CFPS data. J. Henan Univ., 61, 57–63.
Zhou, Y.; Zi, T.; Lang, J.; Huang, D.; Wei, P.; Chen, D.; Cheng, S. (2020).Impact of rural residential coal combustion on air pollution in Shandong, China. Chemosphere, 260, 127517.