The Impact and Implementation of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 in Karnataka

Abstract

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, commonly known as the SC/ST Act, was enacted to curb the persistent discrimination and violence against marginalized communities in India. This paper reviews the implementation and impact of the SC/ST Act in Karnataka, a state with a significant history of caste-based violence. Through a synthesis of existing literature, the study explores three main themes: the historical context of caste-based violence, the legislative and policy framework of the Act, and the socio-legal challenges in its enforcement. The historical backdrop of caste oppression in Karnataka highlights the entrenched nature of caste-based discrimination, particularly in rural areas, necessitating robust legal protections like the SC/ST Act. The Act, while a significant advancement in India’s legal framework, faces challenges in implementation, including underreporting of atrocities, judicial delays, and inadequate legal representation for victims. Case studies from Karnataka reveal persistent issues in law enforcement and judicial processes, exacerbated by social stigma and fear of retaliation. Despite these challenges, civil society organizations and the judiciary have played vital roles in advocating for the rights of SCs and STs, raising awareness, and ensuring legal recourse. The study concludes that while the SC/ST Act is a powerful tool for combating caste-based atrocities, its effectiveness in Karnataka is contingent upon addressing the socio-legal barriers that hinder its enforcement. Continued research and policy innovation are necessary to ensure that the Act fulfils its intended purpose of protecting marginalized communities in Karnataka and beyond.