ReAttach: Promising Treatment Of Clinical Symptoms In Schizophrenia? The Disappearance Of The Parrot - A Single Case Study

Main Article Content

Zeestraten-Bartholomeus
P. Bita
M., Abdi Zarrin, S

Abstract

Introduction: Hearing voices, the result of specific psychological problems, such as mood complaints like depression and anxiety or personality disorders like schizophrenia, can hinder patients from doing daily things. For example, the voices say nasty things that someone has started listening to, or concentration is more difficult because of the voices. Hearing voices can cause fear, sadness, anger, or shame. Multiple case studies have shown that ReAttach, a noninvasive and gentle training intervention, can potentially transform the treatment of hearing voices, eliminating clinical symptoms.
Method: The authors describe a single case study of a 65-year-old male with SZ to stress the importance of further research into this promising and transformative phenomenon.
Results: After ReAttach, we witnessed a significant positive change in daily functioning. ReAttach can enhance stimulus processing, strengthen cognitive skills, and train secure attachment. The voices are gone, and the patient can monitor himself, a testament to the transformative potential of ReAttach.

Article Details

How to Cite
Zeestraten-Bartholomeus, P. Bita, & M., Abdi Zarrin, S. (2024). ReAttach: Promising Treatment Of Clinical Symptoms In Schizophrenia? The Disappearance Of The Parrot - A Single Case Study. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 7(6), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.53555/jrtdd.v7i6.3114
Section
Articles
Author Biographies

Zeestraten-Bartholomeus

 ReAttach Academy, Berg and Terblijt, The Netherlands

P. Bita

Ph.D. student, Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran

 

M., Abdi Zarrin, S

Department of Educational Sciences, University of Qom, Iran  

References

Abel, K.M., Drake, R., Goldstein, J.M., 2010. Sex differences in schizophrenia. International Review of Psychiatry 22 (5), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.3109/ 09540261.2010.515205.

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (2013) (5th ed). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Andreasen, N.C., Olsen, S., 1982. Negative v Positive Schizophrenia: Definition and Validation. Archives of General Psychiatry 39 (7), 789–794. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070025006.

Bartholomeus, P. J. P. W. (2021). ReAttach: A transdiagnostic intervention for adults and children with mental health problems. Maastricht University.

Bartholomeus, P. J. P. W. (2022). ReAttach New Mind Creation. Berg en Terblijt, Stg. ReAttach Therapy International.

Bora, E., Yucel, M., Pantelis, C., 2009. Theory of mind impairment in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 109 (1–3), 1–9.

Bora, E., (2017). Relationship between insight and theory of mind in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 190, 11–17.

Bora, E. (2020). Theory of mind and schizotypy: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, pp. 222, 97–103.‏

Bortolon, C., Capdevielle, D., Boulenger, J. P., Gely-Nargeot, M. C., & Raffard, S. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas predict positive symptomatology in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 361-366.‏

Bortolon C, Seillé J, Raffard S. Exploration of trauma, dissociation, maladaptive schemas and auditory hallucinations in a French sample. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2017;22(6):468–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2017.1387524.

Boyda D, McFeeters D, Dhingra K, Rhoden L. Childhood maltreatment and psychotic experiences: exploring the specificity of early maladaptive schemas. J Clin Psychol 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22690.

Chung, Y.S., Barch, D., Strube, M., 2014. A meta-analysis of mentalizing impairments in adults with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Schizophr. Bull. 40 (3), 602–616.

Eranti, S.V., MacCabe, J.H., Bundy, H., Murray, R.M., (2013). Gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 43 (1), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171200089X.

Goldstein, J.M., Goodman, J.M., Seidman, L.J., Kennedy, D.N., Makris, N., Lee, H., Tsuang, M.T., 1999. Cortical abnormalities in schizophrenia identified by structural magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 537–547. https:// doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.537.

Higgs, R. N. (2020). Reconceptualizing psychosis: the hearing voices movement and social approaches to health. Health and human rights, 22(1), 133.‏

Huxley, J., Mayr, E., Osmond, H., (1964). Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a genetic morphism. Nature 204 (4955), 220–221. https://doi.org/10.1038/2061113a0

Khosravani, V., Sharifi Bastan, F., Mohammadzadeh, A., Amirinezhad, A., & Samimi Ardestani, S. M. (2021). Early maladaptive schemas in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: A comparative study. Current Psychology, 40(5), 2442-2452.‏

Kobayashi, M., Kashihara, K., & Ohno, M. (1997). Treatment of drug-induced parkinsonism with trihexyphenidyl in schizophrenic patients. _Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 152_(2), 184-188.

Larsson S, Andreassen OA, Aas M, Røssberg JI, Mork E, Steen NE, et al. High prevalence of childhood trauma in patients with schizophrenia spectrum and affective disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2013;54(2):123–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compsych.2012.06.009.

Lawrie, S.M., Abukmeil, S.S., 1998. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry 172, 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.2.110.

Li XB, Bo QJ, Zhang GP, Zheng W, Wang ZM, Li AN, et al. Effect of childhood trauma on cognitive functions in a sample of Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2017;76:147–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.04.010.

Lysaker, P.H., Cheli, S., Dimaggio, G. et al. Metacognition, social cognition, and mentalizing in psychosis: Are these distinct constructs when it comes to subjective experience, or are we just splitting hairs? B.M.C. Psychiatry21, 329 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03338-4

McCarley, R.W., Wible, C.G., Frumin, M., Hirayasu, Y., Levitt, J.J., Fischer, I.A., Shenton, M.E., (1999). M.R.I. anatomy of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45 (9), 1099–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00018–9.

Mørkved N, Winje D, Dovran A, Arefjord K, Johnsen E, Kroken RA, et al. Childhood trauma in schizophrenia spectrum disorders as compared to substance abuse disorders. Psychiatry Res 2018;261:481–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.011.

Muench, J., & Hamer, A. M. (2010). Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. American Family Physician, 81_(5), 617-622.

van Neerven, T., Bos, D. J., & van Haren, N. E. (2021). Deficiencies in Theory of Mind in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: A systematic review of secondary literature. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 120, 249-261.‏

Savla, G. N., Vella, L., Armstrong, C. C., Penn, D. L., & Twamley, E. W. (2013). Deficits in domains of social cognition in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the empirical evidence.Schizophr. Bull. 39 (5), 979–992.

Schoeneman, Th., 1981. Reports of the sources of self-knowledge. Journal of personality 49 (3), 284-294.

Seidman, L.J., Pantelis, C., Keshavan, M.S., Faraone, S.V., Goldstein, J.M., Horton, N.J., Tsuang, M.T., 2003. A Review and New Report of Medial Temporal Lobe Dysfunction as a Vulnerability Indicator for Schizophrenia: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Morphometric Family Study of the Parahippocampal Gyrus. Schizophrenia Bulletin 29 (4), 803–830. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007048.

Shenton, M.E., Dickey, C.C., Frumin, M., Mccarley, R.W., (2010). A review of M.R.I. findings in schizophrenia. Retrieved from Schizophrenia Research 49, 1–52. https://www.nc bi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812015/.

Sprong, M., Schothorst, P., Vos, E., Hox, J., van Engeland, H., 2007. Theory of mind in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry 191, 5–13.

Sun P, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Simpson K, Lawrence K, Peach N, Bendall S. Does dissociation mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and hallucinations, delusions in first-episode psychosis? Compr Psychiatry 2018;84:68–74. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.04.004.

Taylor CD, Harper SF. Early maladaptive schema, social functioning and distress in psychosis: a preliminary investigation. Clin Psychol 2017;21(2):135–42. https:// doi.org/10.1111/cp.12082.

Vogel M, Schatz D, Spitzer C, Kuwert P, Moller B, Freyberger HJ, et al. A more proximal impact of dissociation than of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder on Schneiderian symptoms in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2009;50(2):128–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.06.007.

Vygotsky L.S. Thought and language. In: Alex Kouslin (Ed.), Cambridge MA, The M.I.T. Press, 1994.

E. W. Wang, “Toward a pathology of the possessed,” in The collected schizophrenias: Essays (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2019), pp. 27–42.

Weerkamp-Bartholomeus, P., Marazziti, D., Chan, E., Srivastava, A., Van Amelsvoort, T. (2020). Randomized comparison of W.A.R.A. (Wiring Affect with ReAttach) versus Distraction: A pilot study assessing the efficacy of an ultrafast transdiagnostic intervention Heliyon,6 (2020) e04660

Weerkamp-Bartholomeus, P. (2018). Treatment of autism aspects and overlapping symptomatology from a network perspective of clinical neuropsychiatry. In P. Weerkamp-Bartholomeus, Autism: Is there a place for ReAttach Therapy? Rome: Giovanni Fioriti Editore.

Wright, I.C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Woodruff, P.W.R., David, A.S., Murray, R.M., Bullmore, E. T., (2000). Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.157.1.16.