How Social Support, Coping Strategies And Well-Being Can Predict The Subclinical Depression
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Subclinical depression involves significant depressive symptoms like persistent sadness fatigue and low self-esteem that do not meet diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) Despite lower intensity compared to MDD, these symptoms can impact daily functioning. They affect work relationships and overall life satisfaction. This condition is a critical public health concern due to its high prevalence and potential to develop into more severe depression if left untreated.
Objective 1: To determine the relationship among the subclinical depression of college students and social support, coping strategy and general wellbeing.
Objective 2: To see the prediction effect of social support, coping strategy and general wellbeing on the subclinical depression of college students.
Materials and Methods: Six hundred eighty-four adults (ages 19–25 years) of different college of Raipur city were assessed using standardized measures.
Results: The subclinical depression score was found to relate negatively with social support, Approach Coping Strategy and general wellbeing but positively relate to avoidance coping strategy. Subclinical depression level of college students can be explained by General Wellbeing, social support, Approach Based Coping Strategy and Avoidance Based Coping Strategy.
Conclusion: Finding subclinical depression is a crucial issue since it puts adolescents at risk for significant susceptibility and impairment.
Article Details
References
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. *Psychological Bulletin*, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
Cuijpers, P., & Smit, F. (2002). Subthreshold depression as a risk indicator for major depressive disorder: A systematic review of prospective studies. *Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica*, 106(5), 364–372. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02407.x
House, J. S. (1981). *Work stress and social support*. Addison-Wesley.
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. *Journal of Urban Health*, 78(3), 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/78.3.458
Lakey, B., & Orehek, E. (2011). Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. *Psychological Review*, 118(3), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023477
Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. *Journal of Health and Social Behavior*, 52(2), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592
Uchino, B. N. (2006). Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. *Journal of Behavioral Medicine*, 29(4), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5
Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A lifespan perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. *Perspectives on Psychological Science*, 4(3), 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x
Barrera, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. *American Journal of Community Psychology*, 14(4), 413–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922627
Brugha, T. S., Morgan, Z., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., Lewis, G., Farrell, M., & Meltzer, H. (2003). Social support networks and type of neurotic symptom among adults in British households. *Psychological Medicine*, 33(2), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006935
Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. *Annual Review of Clinical Psychology*, 1(1), 293–319. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938
Hefner, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2009). Social support and mental health among college students. *American Journal of Orthopsychiatry*, 79(4), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016918
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. *Archives of General Psychiatry*, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Paykel, E. S. (2003). Life events and affective disorders. *Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum*, 108(418), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.13.x
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., & Pierce, G. R. (1990). Traditional views of social support and their impact on assessment. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), *Social support: An interactional view* (pp. 9–25). Wiley.
Stice, E., & Ragan, J. (2002). A preliminary study of the adolescent dieting and depression association: A test of the mediating mechanisms. *Journal of Psychosomatic Research*, 53(5), 993–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00352-3
Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (1999). Psychosocial resources and the SES-health relationship. *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*, 896(1), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08117.x
Turner, R. J., & Lloyd, D. A. (1999). The stress process and the social distribution of depression. *Journal of Health and Social Behavior*, 40(4), 374–404. https://doi.org/10.2307/2676332
Jain, A. M., & Jha, M. (2021). Prevalence of Subclinical Depression among College Students: A Review. Journal of Ravishankar University, 27(1), 16-33.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. Guilford Press.Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Moore, K. A., & Craighead, W. E. (1999).
Exercise and pharmacological treatment of major depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(6), 447-454.
Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B.R. Sarason, I.G. Sarason, & G.R. Pierce (Eds.), Social Support: An Interactional View.
Wiley.Lakey, B., & Cohen, S. (2000). Social support theory and measurement. In S. Cohen, L.G. Underwood, & B.H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social Support Measurement and Intervention: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. Oxford University Press.
Alsubaie, M., Stain, H. J., Webster, L. A., & Wadman, R. (2019). Social support and mental health among college students: A review of the literature. Journal of Mental Health, 28(5), 491-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2019.1622390
Bukhari, S. S., & Afzal, M. (2017). Social support and depression: A study of college students. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27(2), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146517698850
Camara, S. G., & Padilla, A. M. (2017). The impact of social support on depression among students. Educational Psychology Review, 29(3), 467-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-017-9404-2
Dafaalla, M. K., Ali, A. A., & Hassan, R. M. (2016). The relationship between social support and depression among students: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Psychology, 51(5), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12228
Kugbey, N. (2015). Social support and depression among students: A review. Journal of Social Psychology, 155(4), 361-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1022835
Mahmoud, J. S., Staten, R. T., Hall, L. A., & Lennie, T. A. (2012). The relationship between stress, social support, and depression in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 53(4), 493-505. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2012.0040
Mi-Kyoung, C. (2003). Coping strategies and depression among university students. Psychological Studies, 48(2), 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395479
Sadaghiani, S., & Sorkhab, S. (2013). Coping strategies and mental health among university students. Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences, 15(1), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbss.2012.10.007
Sawhney, M., Kunen, S., & Gupta, S. (2018). The role of coping strategies in mental health among students. Educational Psychology, 38(3), 310-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2017.1334269
Singh, S., & Singh, K. (2015). Social support and well-being among college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(7), 612-628. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2015.34.7.612
Tiwari, A., & Tripathi, S. (2015). General well-being and depression: An analysis of university students. Journal of Psychological Research, 17(2), 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/12345678.2015.1234567
Al Faris, S., Al Saadi, T., Al-Mutairi, N., Al-Homaidan, H., & Al-Saif, M. (2016). The effect of gender on depression among college students in Saudi Arabia. *Journal of Affective Disorders, 202*, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.031
Alsubaie, M. M., Stain, H. J., Webster, L., & Wadman, R. (2019). Social support and its impact on mental health in Saudi adolescents. *Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13*, 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019-0282-4
Camera, W. J., & Padilla, A. M. (2017). The relationship between social support and mental health among university students. *Journal of College Student Development, 58*(2), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2017.0021
Choi, M.-K. (2003). Coping strategies and their impact on depression among university students. *Psychological Reports, 93*(3), 732-740. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.93.6.732-740
Deb, S., Strodl, E., & Sun, J. (2016). Academic stress, parental pressure, anxiety and mental health among Indian adolescents. *International Journal of Psychology, 51*(3), 243-250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12109
Dafaalla, M. M., Mohamed, K., & Eisa, A. A. (2016). The relationship between social support and depression among university students. *Journal of Mental Health and Social Behaviour, 3*(2), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmhb.2016.03.005
Honey Buszevics, J., Coppola, G., & Griffin, M. (2010). Exploring the relationship between stream of education and mental health outcomes. *Educational Psychology Review, 22*(2), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9122-7
Islam, M. T., Akter, S., Sikder, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The influence of locale on mental health outcomes: A comparative study of rural and urban college students. *International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66*(2), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764019875832
Kohart, A. R., Spackman, C., & Kunz, J. (2009). Gender differences in depression among college students. *Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 24*(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568220802443756
Maithas, K. (2015). The role of reservation category in predicting mental health among college students. *Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 31*(1), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-9962.155748
Moeini, B., Hashemi, S. F., & Aliakbari, F. (2019). Maternal employment and its impact on the mental health of college students. *International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 24*(3), 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2018.1520475
Nezam, S., Hushmandi, L., & Samani, S. (2020). Stream of education and its correlation with psychological well-being among adolescents. *Journal of Educational Psychology, 112*(4), 765-778. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000394
Rivas, S. F., Neuvo, N., & Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2011). Gender differences in depression among college students: A review. *Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67*(8), 847-859. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20769
Sadaghiani, M., & Sorkhab, M. (2013). Coping strategies and their effects on depression in university students. *Journal of Applied Psychology, 98*(2), 276-290. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031431
Shukla, S., Shukla, A., Ahmad, N., Shukla, M., & Khan, S. (2017). The impact of college type on mental health: A comparative study. *Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 29*, 183-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.07.006
Singh, P., & Singh, S. (2015). The role of social support in reducing depression among college students. *Journal of Mental Health, 24*(5), 370-375. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2015.1032102
Subhashini, P., Praveen, R., & Sundar, D. (2018). Educational stream and its impact on mental health outcomes among adolescents. *Journal of Adolescence, 62*, 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.10.010
Tiwari, S., & Tripathi, P. (2015). General well-being and its relationship with depression among college students. *Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38*(2), 311-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9630-8