Impact Of Maternal Anemia On Cord Blood Hemoglobin
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Maternal anemia, characterized by a deficiency of iron or other essential nutrients during gestation, can yield extensive repercussions for both the prospective mother and the developing fetus. Cord blood hemoglobin, which reflects the baby's blood health at birth, is a vital indicator. Therefore, the goal of the study was to assess the impact of maternal anemia on cord blood hemoglobin.
Methods: This observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics at a tertiary healthcare center on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 71 pregnant women and their infants were selected. Cord blood samples were collected immediately after delivery in the labor room and preserved in EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) for analysis. This present study involved comparison of the mean cord blood hemoglobin of new-born born to anemic mothers with varying degrees of anemia (mild, moderate, and severe). Furthermore, we investigate the association between cord blood hemoglobin levels and maternal anemia.
Results: Out of 71 pregnant women, 33 (46.4%) had mild anemia, 31 (43.7%) had moderate anemia, and 7 (9.9%) had severe anemia. The mean maternal hemoglobin among anemic mother was 10.39 g/dl for mild anemia, 8.62 g/ for moderate anemia and 6 g/dl severe anemia. Maternal anemia severity was associated with adverse hematological outcomes in newborns, as indicated by decreasing trends in mean cord blood hemoglobin levels (8.73 g/dl for mild, 8.76 g/dl for moderate, and 7 g/dl for severe anemia), as well as declining MCV, MCH, and MCHC values respectively, with significant p-value which was 0.0001 this represents positive correlation with maternal anemia and cord blood hemoglobin.
Conclusion: A moderate positive correlation was observed between maternal anemia and the hemoglobin levels in the cord blood of neonates. Babies born to anemic mothers exhibited lower cord blood hemoglobin levels. The present study demonstrates a linear association between maternal hemoglobin levels and fetal hemoglobin levels.
Article Details
References
Sanni OB, Chambers T, Li JH, Rowe S, Woodman AG and Ospina MB, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the correlation between maternal and neonatal iron status and haematologic indices. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;27:100555.
Kohli UA, Rajput M, Venkatesan S. Association of maternal hemoglobin and iron stores with neonatal hemoglobin and iron stores. Med J Armed Forces India. 2021;77(2):158-164.
Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS. Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019 Aug;1450(1):15-31. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14092. Epub 2019 Apr 22. PMID: 31008520; PMCID: PMC6697587.
World Health Organization. Anaemia. [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia
Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(4):516-524.
Geng F, Mai X, Zhan J, Xu L, Zhao Z, Georgieff M, Shao J, Lozoff B. Impact of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency on recognition memory at 2 months of age. J Pediatr. 2015;167(6):1226-1232.
Naeem A, Chattha M, Qaisar A. Iron deficient mothers; frequency of low iron stores in babies born to iron deficient mothers. Med J. 2018;25(8):1173-1176.
Engidaw, M.T., Eyayu, T. & Tiruneh, T. The effect of maternal anaemia on low birth weight among newborns in Northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep 12, 15280 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19726-z
Elgari, M.M. and Waggiallah. Assessment of hematological parameters of neonatal cord blood in anemic and non-anemic mothers. J Clin Exp Res. 2013;1:22-25.
Noshiro K, Umazume T, Hattori R, Kataoka S, Yamada T, Watari H. Hemoglobin concentration during early pregnancy as an accurate predictor of anemia during late pregnancy. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):839-842.
Patel A, Prakash AA, Das PK, Gupta S, Pusdekar YV, Hibberd PL. Maternal anemia and underweight as determinants of pregnancy outcomes: cohort study in eastern rural Maharashtra, India. BMJ Open. 2018;8(8):e021623.
Agrawal R, Srivastava P. Cord blood haemoglobin levels in relation to maternal anemia. Int J Pediatr Res. 2018;5(7):351-354.
Timilsina S, Karki S, Gautam A, Bhusal P, Paudel G and Sharma D. Correlation between maternal and umbilical cord blood in pregnant women of Pokhara Valley: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):70:74.
Dhanasekaran R, Sumitha A, Suguna. Impact of maternal anemia on cord blood hemoglobin. In J Contemp Pediatr. 2019;6(3):1235-1238.
Alegbeleye JO, Abam DS, Orazulike NC. Outcome of maternal anemia on cord hemoglobin of the newborn in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. J Biosci Med. 2020;8:142-152.
Al-hilli NM. The effect of maternal anemia on cord blood hemoglobin & newborn birth weight. Karbala J Med. 2010;2(8-9):13-19.
Rumi D, Birakta D, Anita D. Effect of maternal anemia on cord hemoglobin and birth weight of newborns. IOSR-JDMS. 2015;14(7):19-21.
Najeeba CM, Prabhu AS. Maternal anemia and its effect on cord blood hemoglobin and newborn birthweight. IOSR. 2015;14(7):30-32.