Oroantral Fistula – A Review

Abstract

Oroantral communication and fistula represent a frequent yet clinically significant complication arising from dental procedures involving the maxillary posterior region. These pathological connections between the oral cavity and maxillary sinus often emerge following molar or premolar extractions, with reported incidence rates approaching 50% in some case series. While smaller defects under 2mm may undergo spontaneous healing through natural clot formation and epithelial migration, larger communications invariably require surgical intervention to prevent the development of maxillary sinusitis, which studies indicate occurs in approximately half of untreated cases within the first 48 hours. The present review comprehensively examines the etiology, diagnostic modalities, and contemporary management strategies for these conditions, with particular emphasis on evidence-based surgical techniques ranging from local flap procedures to advanced grafting methods. Special consideration is given to postoperative care protocols and preventive measures that collectively contribute to optimal patient outcomes and reduced complication rates.