A Critical Literary Analysis of the Dialogical Style in Charaka Samhita

Abstract

Background: The Charaka Samhita, one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda, is renowned not only for its medical content but also for its unique literary composition. Among its literary features, the dialogical style—primarily in the form of conversation between Atreya and Agnivesha—plays a significant role in the transmission and interpretation of medical knowledge. This dialogical framework facilitates dynamic pedagogy, critical reasoning, and continuity of oral tradition. Aim To critically examine the dialogical style of the Charaka Samhita and assess its literary, pedagogical, and philosophical relevance. Objectives To identify major dialogical sections in the Charaka Samhita. To analyze its literary structure and narrative technique. To study its pedagogical role in Ayurvedic education. To explore its philosophical and epistemological basis. To assess its relevance in modern teaching of Ayurveda. To compare with other classical Indian dialogical texts Methods: This literary analysis is based on a critical review of selected sūtras and chapters from the Charaka Samhita, focusing on dialogical instances. Primary commentaries such as Charaka Dipika (by Chakrapani Datta) and comparative insights from other classical Indian texts with dialogical formats are referenced. Literary tools such as narrative structure analysis, speaker intent evaluation, and rhetorical context are used. Results: The dialogical style of Charaka Samhita serves multiple functions: it simulates the traditional Guru-Shishya discourse, enhances clarity through question-answer format, allows presentation of multiple viewpoints, and preserves oral tradition in written form. This structure enables retention of knowledge, encourages inquiry, and promotes interpretive flexibility in clinical application. Conclusion: The dialogical narrative of Charaka Samhita is not merely a stylistic choice but a deliberate pedagogical device rooted in ancient Indian scholarly tradition. It strengthens the epistemological framework of Ayurveda by encouraging intellectual engagement and holistic understanding. Recognizing and appreciating this style is essential for deeper interpretation of the text and its continued relevance in modern scholarship.