Analysis of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Copper oxide nanoparticles from the peel of Carica papaya - caries prevention
Main Article Content
Abstract
Carica papaya commonly known as papaya belong to the family of Caricaceae. The peel contains papain and chymopapain and other enzymes (cysteine proteinases papain, caricain and glycyl endopeptidase) which are having antioxidant and anti microbial properties. It is traditionally used to treat dental infections like gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries, oral thrush and medical infections such as diarrhoea, allergies. In this study, papaya peel extract was used for physiochemical characterisation (UV,SEM, FTIR analysis) , anti inflammatory and anti microbial tests. The UV absorption showed a peak at 299.5 nm, SEM analysis confirmed spherical copper oxide nanoparticles. FTIR analysis showed OH groups, carbon, and water. The copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) showed high antioxidant activity at 47 µL ascorbic acid. Antimicrobial activity was observed via a clear zone of inhibition. This study shows papaya peel reduces copper nitrate to copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) , which have shown antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.
Article Details
References
Kotha RR, Tareq FS, Yildiz E, Luthria DL. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants—A Critical Review on In Vitro Antioxidant Assays. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2022 Dec 1 [cited 2025 Oct 11];11(12):2388. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9774584/
Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. International Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS [Internet]. 2008 Jun [cited 2025 Jul 21];4(2):89. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/articles/PMC3614697/
Halliwell B. Understanding mechanisms of antioxidant action in health and disease. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology [Internet]. 2023 Sep 15 [cited 2025 Oct 12];25(1):13–33. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-023-00645-4
Khurdal AS, Mani S, Toshniwal NG, Manerikar R, Mishra S. Antioxidants: Oral health and diseases. J Glob Oral Health [Internet]. 2024 Dec 26 [cited 2025 Oct 12];7(2):115–8. Available from: https://jglobaloralhealth.org/antioxidants-oral-health-and-diseases/
Mohapatra A, Panda A, Pattnaik N, Mohapatra M, Singh K, Sharma AR, et al. Guardians of Oral Health: Antioxidants as Promising Allies in Periodontal Wellness. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences [Internet]. 2024 Jun 7 [cited 2025 Oct 12];16(Suppl 3):S1965. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11426797/
Abedi N, Sajadi-Javan ZS, Kouhi M, Ansari L, Khademi A, Ramakrishna S. Antioxidant Materials in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2023 Feb 27 [cited 2025 Aug 18];12(3):594. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10045774/
Malcangi G, Patano A, Ciocia AM, Netti A, Viapiano F, Palumbo I, et al. Benefits of Natural Antioxidants on Oral Health. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2023 Jun 20 [cited 2025 Oct 12];12(6):1309. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294804/
Qi F, Huang H, Wang M, Rong W, Wang J. Applications of Antioxidants in Dental Procedures. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2022 Dec 18 [cited 2025 Jul 31];11(12):2492. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9774737/
Patel S, Hans MK, Chander S, Ahluwalia AS. Antioxidants in Endodontics: A Strategic Review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR [Internet]. 2015 May 1 [cited 2025 Oct 12];9(5):ZE12. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4484185/
Baeza-Morales A, Medina-García M, Martínez-Peinado P, Pascual-García S, Pujalte-Satorre C, López-Jaén AB, et al. The Antitumour Mechanisms of Carotenoids: A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2024 Aug 30 [cited 2025 Oct 13];13(9):1060. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11428676/
Neu HC, Gootz TD. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. In: Medical Microbiology 4th edition [Internet]. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996 [cited 2025 Oct 13]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7986/
Abdullah FM, Hatim QY, Oraibi AI, Alsafar TH, Alsandook TA, Lutfi W, et al. Antimicrobial management of dental infections: Updated review. Medicine [Internet]. 2024 Jul 5 [cited 2025 Oct 13];103(27):e38630. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11224866/
Mohammadi Z. Chlorhexidine gluconate, its properties and applications in endodontics. Iranian Endodontic Journal [Internet]. 2008 Jan 10 [cited 2025 Aug 19];2(4):113. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/articles/PMC3834637/
Mandal MK, Domb AJ. Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Bioactive Polyphenols. Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2024 May 27 [cited 2025 Oct 14];16(6):718. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11206801/
Singh SP, Kumar S, Mathan SV, Tomar MS, Singh RK, Verma PK, et al. Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences [Internet]. 2020 May 5 [cited 2025 Aug 22];28(2):735. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7704890/
Sharma A, Sharma R, Sharma M, Kumar M, Barbhai MD, Lorenzo JM, et al. Carica papaya L. Leaves: Deciphering Its Antioxidant Bioactives, Biological Activities, Innovative Products, and Safety Aspects. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity [Internet]. 2022 Jun 9 [cited 2025 Oct 14];2022:2451733. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9203216/
Srivastava R, Jaiswal N, Kharkwal H, Dubey NK, Srivastava R. Phytomedical Properties of Carica papaya for Boosting Human Immunity Against Viral Infections. Viruses [Internet]. 2025 Feb 16 [cited 2025 Oct 15];17(2):271. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11861161/
Kumarasinghe HS, Kim JH, Kim SL, Kim KC, Perera RMTD, Kim SC, et al. Bioactive constituents from Carica papaya fruit: implications for drug discovery and pharmacological applications. Applied Biological Chemistry [Internet]. 2024 Dec 12 [cited 2025 Oct 15];67(1):1–23. Available from: https://applbiolchem.s pringeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13765-024-00962-y
Zhou Z. Studies on Effect of Stabilizers, Chelators and Inherent Periodicity on Nanoparticle Antioxidant Activity [Internet]. 2015. 61 p. Available from: https://books.google.com/books/about/St udies_on_Effect_of_St abilizers_Chelato.html?hl=&id=DfKbnQAACAAJ
Anreddy RNR. Copper oxide nanoparticles induces oxidative stress and liver toxicity in rats following oral exposure. Toxicology Reports [Internet]. 2018 Aug 31 [cited 2025 Oct 15];5:903. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6125791/
Banala RR, Nagati VB, Karnati PR. Green synthesis and characterization of Carica papaya leaf extract coated silver nanoparticles through X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and evaluation of bactericidal properties. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences [Internet]. 2015 Feb 12 [cited 2025 Oct 15];22(5):637. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4537873/
Chaikali C, Stola ND, Lampropoulou P, Papoulis D, Lamari FN, Orkoula M, et al. Green Synthesis and Comparative Analysis of Silver, Copper Oxide, and Bimetallic Ag/CuO Nanoparticles Using Cistus creticus L. Extract: Physicochemical Properties, Stability, and Antioxidant Potential. International journal of molecular sciences [Internet]. 2025 Mar 11 [cited 2025 Oct 16];26(6). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40141160/
Gontrani L, Bauer EM, Talone A, Missori M, Imperatori P, Tagliatesta P, et al. CuO Nanoparticles and Microaggregates: An Experimental and Computational Study of Structure and Electronic Properties. Materials [Internet]. 2023 Jul 3 [cited 2025 Oct 16];16(13):4800. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10343626/
Kaningini AG, Motlhalamme T, More GK, Mohale KC, Maaza M. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using Athrixia phylicoides DC. Heliyon [Internet]. 2023 Apr 12 [cited 2025 Oct 17];9(4). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37123897/
Pandey P, Packiyaraj MS, Nigam H, Agarwal GS, Singh B, Patra MK. Antimicrobial properties of CuO nanorods and multi-armed nanoparticles against B. anthracis vegetative cells and endospores. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology [Internet]. 2014 Jun 5 [cited 2025 Oct 17];5:789. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4077429/
