Globalization And National Security: A Comprehensive Review Of Emerging Threats, Technological Transformation, Strategic Alliances, And Policy Effectiveness With Reference To India

Abstract

Globalization has fundamentally transformed national security paradigms by intensifying cross-border interdependence, accelerating technological diffusion, and reshaping the nature of security threats. Traditional state-centric security frameworks are increasingly inadequate in addressing non-traditional and hybrid threats such as cyber warfare, transnational terrorism, disinformation campaigns, and technology driven vulnerabilities. This review paper systematically examines existing literature on the relationship between globalization and national security, with particular emphasis on emerging security threats, technological advancements, strategic alliances, and policy effectiveness, contextualized within the Indian security environment. Through a structured review of theoretical, empirical, and policy-oriented studies published between 1998 and 2025, the paper synthesizes key findings, identifies dominant trends, and highlights critical research gaps. The review reveals that globalization acts as a double-edged phenomenon enhancing international cooperation and technological capacity while simultaneously amplifying security vulnerabilities and institutional challenges. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for integrated, technology-driven, and collaborative security frameworks and calls for empirically grounded, multidisciplinary research to inform adaptive national security policies in a globalized world.