Opportunistic Infections Associated with Immunodeficiency in Patients with Hiv-Aids: A Study of Related Psycho-Socio Factors

Abstract

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most important health problems worldwide. At the end of 2020, the World Health Organization estimated that there are 37.7 million people living with HIV infection. Until the middle of this year 2021, 36.3 million deaths related to immunodeficiency have been registered, of which around 680,000 occurred in 2020. The objective of this study is to relate HIV infection with the apparition of opportunistic infections, based on the evolution from the acute phase of infection to a chronic phase. In addition, the deficiency of the host's innate and adaptive immune response is correlated with a decrease in CD4 T lymphocytes and an increase in viral load. For this, a retrospective observational analytical study is carried out where cohort studies and articles published in reliable databases are prioritized. The research describes HIV and its genes, virus replication, cell modulation, detection of infection, the immune response against HIV and colonization of microorganisms in the host. It is concluded that the HIV virus is a predisposing factor for the appearance of opportunistic infections. Also, the etiological agents of the most common opportunistic infections are established, to which infected individuals are exposed based on their immune response. In addition, other factors such as adherence to antiretroviral treatment in the patient and early diagnosis are considered.