Biogenic Production Of Silver Nanoparticles And Their Antifungal Potential Against Human Pathogenic Fungal Strains
Main Article Content
Abstract
Green synthesis is the best option to opt for the synthesis of nanoparticles and the silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using Aspergillus niger biomass. The bio-transformation was routinely monitored visually and by Uv-Vis spectrophotometery after different time intervals and spectra was analyzed by Gaussian’s function. Colour test of the produced silver nanoparticles was also done by borohydrate as reducing agent. The antifungal assay was done against six human pathogenic fungi by standard disc diffusion method. At the tested concentration of silver nanoparticles solution, the growth of Cunninghamella sp. (67.44%), Aspergillus niger (59.61%), Absidia sp. (50.98%), Mucor sp. (46.42%), Aspergillus flavus (27.90%) and Rhizopus sp. (26.41%) were reduced. The crude silver nanosolution was found toxic to a greater extent against tested potential human pathogenic fungal strains. The biogenic production of silver nanoparticles through fungus were found effective, easy and cheap in comparison to physico-chemical methods.
Article Details
References
Abdelmonem, R., Backx, M., Vale, L., Healy, B. and Williams, D. (2022). Successful treatment of Mucor circinelloides in a burn patient. Burns Open 6: 77–81.
Arun, P., Shanmugaraju, V., Ramanujam, J.R., Prabhu, S.S. and Kumaran, E. (2013). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Corynebacterium sp. and its antimicrobial activity. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2(3): 57–64.
Banerjee, P. Satapathy, M., Mukhopahayay, A. and Das, P. (2014). Leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from widely available Indian plants: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial property and toxicity analysis. Bioresour. Bioproc. 1(3): 1–10.
Boras, V.V., Jurlina, M., Brailo, V., Vukovic, K.D., Roncevic, P., Kinda, S.B., Juras, D.V. and Gabric, D. (2019). Oral mucormycosis and aspergillosis in the patient with acute leukemia. Acta Stomatol. Croat. 53(3): 274.
Boroujeni, Z.B., Shamsaei, S., Yarahmadi, M., Getso, M.I., Salimi-Khorashad, A. and Haghighi, L. (2021). Distribution of invasive fungal infections: molecular epidemiology, etiology, clinical conditions, diagnosis and risk factors: a 3-year experience with 490 patients under intensive care. Microb. Pathog. 2021: 104616.
Boyce, J.M., Lawson, L.A., Lockwood, W.R. and Hughes, J.L. (1981). Cunninghamella bertholletiae wound infection of probable nosocomial origin. South Med. J. 74: 1132–1135.
Davoudi, S., Anderlini, P., Fuller, G.N. and Kontoyiannis, D.P. (2014). A long-term survivor of disseminated Aspergillus and Mucorales infection: an instructive case. Mycopathol. 178(5–6): 465–70.
Dehkordi, S.H., Hosseinpour, F. and Kahrizangi, A.E. (2011). An in vitro evaluation of antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis. Afri. J. Biotechnol. 10(52): 10795–10797.
Denning, D.W., Perlin, D.S., Muldoon, E.G., Colombo, A.L., Chakrabarti, A., Richardson, M.D. and Sorrell, T.C. (2017). Delivering on antimicrobial resistance agenda not possible without improving fungal diagnostic capabilities. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 23(2): 177–183.
Devi, L.S. and Joshi, S.R. (2015). Ultrastructures of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using endophytic fungi. J. Micros. Ultrastr. 3: 29–37.
Dias, M., Antony, B., Pinto, H. and Rekha, B. (2003). Primary cutaneous aspergillosis due to Aspergillus niger in an immunocompetent patient. Ind. J. Med. Microbiol. 27(4): 367–370.
Dibrov, P., Dzioba, J., Gosink, K.K. and Hase, C.C. (2002). Chemiosmotic mechanism of antimicrobial activity of Ag+ in Vibrio cholera. Antimicrob. Agents Chem. 46(8): 2668–2670.
Enoch, D.A., Yang, H., Aliyu, S.H. and Micallef, C. (2017). The changing epidemiology of invasive fungal infections. Methods Mol. Biol. 1508: 17–65.
Fadel, Q.J., Al-Mashhedy, L.A.M. (2017). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using peel extract of Raphanus sativus L. Biotechnol. Ind. J. 13(1): 120(1–10).
Friedman, D.Z.P. and Schwartz, I.S. (2019). Emerging fungal infections: new patients, new patterns, and new pathogens. J. Fungi 5(3): E67.
Huang, J., Li, Q., Sun, D., Lu, Y., Su, Y., Yang, X., Wang, H, Wang, Y., Shao, W., He, N., Hong, J. and Chen, C. (2007). Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sun dried Cinnamomum camphora leaf. Nanotechnol. 18: 105104 (1–11).
Hussain, I., Singh, N.B., Singh, A., Singh, H. and Singh, S.C. (2016). Green synthesis of nanoparticles and its potential application. Biotechnol. Lett. 38: 545–560.
Hyning, D.L.V. and Zukoski, C.F. (1998). Formation mechanisms and aggregation behavior of borohydride reduced silver particles. Lang. 14: 7034–7046.
Hyning, D.R., Klemperer, W.G. and Zukowski, C.F. (2001). Characterization of colloidal stability during precipitation reactions. Lang. 17: 3120–3127.
Jerome, T.J., Kandasamy, L, Terrence, T.K., Bhalaj, S. and Shanmugasundaram, B. (2020). Aspergillus flavus infection of lower limb in an immune-competent patient. Cureus 12(7): e9342.
John, P.U., Shadomy, H.J. (1987). Deep fungal infections. In: Dermatology in General Medicine 3rd ed. (eds., Fitzpatrick, T.B., Eisen, A.Z., Wolff, K., Freedberg, I.M. and Austen, K.F.), New York: McGraw-Hill; pp: 2266–2268.
Kainz, K., Bauer, M.A., Madeo, F. and Carmona-Gutierrez, D. (2020). Fungal infections in humans: the silent crisis. Micro. Cell. 7(6): 143–145.
Kaushik, R. (2012). Primary cutaneous zygomycosis in India. Ind. J. Surg. 74: 468–475.
Kaviya, S., Santhanalakshmi, J., Viswanathan, B., Muthumary, J. and Srinivasan, K. (2011). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using citrus sinensis peel extract and its antibacterial activity. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Mole. Biomole Spect. 79(3): 594–598.
Leon, E.R., Palomares, R.I., Navarro, R.E., Urbina, R.H., Tanori, J., Palomares, C.I. and Maldonado, A. (2013). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using reducing agents obtained from natural sources (Rumex hymenosepalus extracts). Nanoscale Res. Lett. 8(1): 318(1-9).
Lockhart, S.R. and Guarner, J. (2019). Emerging and reemerging fungal infections. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 36(3): 177–181.
Maiorano, E., Favia, G., Capodiferro, S., Montagna, M.T. and Muzio, L.L. (2005). Combined mucormycosis and aspergillosis of the oro-sinonasal region in a patient affected by Castleman disease. Virchows Arch. Int. J. Pathol. 446(1): 28–33.
Malynych, S., Luzinov, I. and Chumanov, G. (2001). Poly(vinyl pyridine) as universal surface modifier for immobilization of nanoparticles. J. Phy. Chem. B 106(6): 1280–1285.
Marr, K.A., Patterson, T. and Denning, D. (2002). Aspergillosis: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapy. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 16: 875–894.
Mie, R., Samsudin, M.W., Din, L.B., Ahmad, A., Ibrahim, N. and Adnan, S.N.A. (2014). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial activity using the lichen Parmotrema praesorediosum. Int. J. Nanomed. 9: 121–127.
Moon, P. and Jithendran, N. (2018). Invasive fungal infection with Absidia Corymbifera in immunocompetent patient with electrical scalp burn. World J. Plast. Surg. 7(2): 249–252.
Mostaza, J.M., Barbado, F.J., Fernandez-Martin, J., Pena-Yanez, J., Vasquez-Rodriguez, J.J. (1989). Cutaneoarticular mucormycosis due to Cunninghamella bertholletiae in a patient with AIDS. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11: 316–318.
Mozhgan, B. (2008). Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles. Ph.D. Thesis, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Pacioni, N.L., Borsarelli, C.D., Rey, V. and Veglia, A.V. (2015). Synthetic routes for the preparation of silver nanoparticles: a mechanistic perspective. In: Silver Nanoparticle Applications, Engineering Materials (Alarcon, E.I. et al. (eds.), Springer International Publishing Switzerland, pp: 13–46.
Pal, S., Tak, Y.K and Song, J.M. (2007). Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. App. Env. Microbiol. 73(6): 1712–1720.
Person, A.K., Chudgar, S.M., Norton, B.L., Tong, B.C. and Stout, J.E. (2010). Aspergillus niger: an unusual cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Med. Microbiol. 59: 834–838.
Pierce, C.G., Srinivasan, A., Ramasubramanian, A.K. and Lopez-Ribot, J.L. (2015). From biology to drug development: new approaches to combat the threat of fungal biofilms. Microbiol Spectr 3(3): 1–18.
Pulit, J., Banach, M., Szczygłowska, R. and Bryk, M. (2013). Nanosilver against fungi.Silver nanoparticles as an effective biocidal factor. Acta Biochim. Pol. 60(4): 795–798.
Quinio, D., Karam, A., Leroy, J.P., Moal, M.C., Bourbigot, B., Masure, O., Sassolas, B. and Le Flohic, A.M. (2004). Zygomycosis caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae in a kidney transplant recipient. Medical Mycology, 42: 177–180.
Raffi, M., Hussain, F., Bhatti, T., Akhter, J., Hameed, A. and Hasan, M. (2008). Antibacterial characterization of silver nanoparticles against E. coli ATCC-15224. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 24: 192–196.
Rajeshkumar, S., Malarkodi, C., Paulkumar, K., Vanaja, M., Gnanajobitha, G. and Annadurai, G. (2014). Algae mediated green fabrication of silver nanoparticles and examination of its antifungal activity against clinical pathogens. Inter. J. Metals 2014: 1–8.
Rit, K., Saha, R., Dey, R. and Barik, G (2014). Rhino-oculo-cerebral Aspergillus and Mucor co-infections in an immunocompromised patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med. J. Dr. Patil. Univ. 7(4): 486.
Roden, M.M., Zaoutis, T.E., Buchanan, W.L., Knudsen, T.A., Sarkisova, T.A., Schaufele, R.L. (2005). Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(5): 634–653.
Rout, Y., Behera, S., Ojha, A.K. and P.L. Nayak (2011). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum (Tulashi) and study of their antibacterial and antifungal activities. J. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 4(6): 103–109.
Safai, N.S., Dehghan, M.S., Jahanbin, B., Khodaveisi, S., Giasvand, F., Seifi, A. and Salehi, M. (2019). Invasive fungal consecutive infections in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. Niger J. Clin. Pract. 22(4): 582.
Sondi, I. and Salopek-Sondi, B. (2004). Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. J. Coll. Inte. Sci. 275: 177–182.
Spellberg, B., Kontoyiannis, D.P., Fredricks, D., Morris, M.I., Perfect, J.R., Chin-Hong, P.V., Ibrahim, A.S. and Brass, E.P. (2012). Risk factors for mortality in patients with mucormycosis. Med. Mycol. 50(6): 611–618.
Stevans, D.A., Kan, V.L., Judson, M.A., Morrison, V.A., Dummer, S., Denning, D.W., Bennett, J.E., Walsh, T.J., Patterson, T.F. and Pankey, G.A. (2000). Practice guidelines for diseases caused by Aspergillus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30(4): 696–709.
Tang, D. and Wang, W. (1998). Successful cure of an extensive burn injury complicated with mucor wound sepsis. Burns 24(1): 72–73.
Uppuluri, P., Pierce, C.G. and Lopez-Ribot, J.L. (2009). Candida albicans biofilm formation and its clinical consequences. Future Microbiol. 4(10): 1235–1237.
Walsh, T.J., Anaissie, E.J., Denning, D.W., Herbrecht, R., Kontoyiannis, D.P., Marr, K.A., Morrison, V.A., Segal, B.H., Steinbach, W.J., Stevens, D.A., Burik, J.A.V., Wingard, J.R. and Patterson, T.F. (2008). Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 46(3): 327–360.
Wang, Y., Zhu, M., Bao, Y., Li, L., Zhu, L., Li, F., Xu, J. and Liang, J. (2018). Cutaneous mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus in an immunocompetent patient: a case report and review of literature. Medicine (2018) 97: 25.
Xiong, Y.J., Washio, I., Chen, J., Cai, H., Li, Z. and Xia, Y. (2006). Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone): A dual functional reductant and stabilizer for the facile synthesis of noble metal nanoplates in aqueous solutions. Lang. 22(20): 8563–8570.
Zayet, S., Zaghdoudi, A., Ammari, L., Kilani, B. and Benaissa, H.T. (2021). Cerebro-rhino-orbital mucormycosis and aspergillosis coinfection in a patient with diabetes mellitus: A case report. IDCases 23: e01022
Zhu, S., Du, C.L. and Fu, Y. (2009). Fabrication and characterization of rhombic silver nanoparticles for biosensing. Opt. Mat. 31: 769–774.