Historical And Anatomical Analysis Of Surgical Incision Techniques In Ancient Ayurvedic Surgery

Abstract

Background: Surgical practices in ancient India, particularly those described in Sushruta Samhita, reflect a profound understanding of human anatomy and precision in operative techniques. Among these, the classification and methodology of chedana (incision) have been systematically elaborated with anatomical insight, making it a cornerstone of traditional Indian surgery. Aim: To critically analyze the historical context and anatomical basis of surgical incision techniques as described in ancient Ayurvedic texts, with special reference to Sushruta Samhita. Objectives: To study the classification and methodology of surgical incisions (chedana karma) in classical Ayurvedic literature. To explore the anatomical understanding reflected in incision techniques, especially concerning marma, sira, and sandhi. To assess the surgical instruments and procedural guidelines associated with incision methods. To correlate ancient incision techniques with modern surgical principles where applicable. Materials and Methods: A literary review was conducted from classical Ayurvedic texts such as Sushruta Samhita, Charaka Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya. Secondary sources like commentaries, Nighantus, and modern anatomical correlations were also included. Emphasis was laid on descriptive classification, anatomical landmarks, and relevance in surgical interventions. Results: Sushruta categorized surgical incisions into types such as chedana, bhedana, and lekhana, each defined by shape, direction, depth, and location, based on a thorough understanding of marma, sira, and sandhi. These techniques demonstrate the integration of anatomical knowledge with surgical execution, minimizing trauma and improving outcomes. Their methodological precision foreshadows modern principles of incision planning. Discussion: The systematic approach of Acharya Sushruta towards surgical incision design was rooted in anatomical awareness and practical training via cadaveric dissection. The relevance of these methods continues to resonate in modern surgery, particularly in the context of preserving vital structures and optimizing post-operative healing. Conclusion: Ancient Ayurvedic surgical incision techniques, especially those detailed by Sushruta, embody a blend of anatomical understanding and surgical precision. Their study provides valuable insights for the evolution of surgical education and practice.